Common Theory About The Origin Of Aids - 1962 Words

One common theory about the origin of AIDS is that the virus originated in Africa. They believe that AIDS was transferred to humans by route of either eating infected chimpanzees or their blood infecting a human through an open wound or sore. After the first human was infected, the infection soon spread as Brandon Keim wrote in â€Å"Early Spread of AIDS Traced to Congo’s Expanding Transportation Network†. â€Å"The number of infections soon tripled, and the virus’s range expanded.† It is said that HIV was transported to a Kinshasa by an infected individual by way of river down into the Congo. In that time, many of the people in the area were men and there was a vast sexual network in the city. Being so promiscuous led to the rapid spread. This is when they think the first outbreak of AIDS had begun. Within years it devastated parts of Africa, partially because they had no healthcare. They wouldn’t have had any way of knowing how to stop or treat the epidemic. Around the time of the greatest outbreak in Africa, doctors were noticing AIDS in the U.S. They believe that the virus was spread to the U.S. by air travel. This idea seems plausible because of the global trade economy of the U.S. With as many imports and exports as our nation has made in our history, it seems to be a possible explanation. Many groups of people have the idea that getting infected was entirely each person’s fault. They say that the gay community should have just had safe sex and that drug usersShow MoreRelatedHiv And Aids : Aids1606 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Hello, today we are discussing HIV and AIDS. This disease is known as a severe decline in one’s immune system resulting in a decreased ability to resist infection and malignancy. A lot of people ask what the difference between HIV and AIDS is. HIV is the virus that causes the disease AIDS. With this being said, I will now discuss some objectives that that will be covered throughout this lecture that I hope will help guide you as well as help you have a better understanding of the progressionRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague825 Words   |  4 Pagesowl’s hoot will bring someone’s death. Another example is knocking on wood after a positive comment to avoid jinxing yourself. Theories of the Historians A theory is â€Å"an idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action.† (google.com/dictionary) Historians had a theory of the origins of the plague in Europe. The historians theorized the origins of the plague were rodents. In 2010, scientists discovered the actual cause was by the bacteria from the fleas of rodents. ReligionRead MoreAids/Hiv Essay 21504 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as AIDS is a disease that gradually attacks breaks down the human immune system that starts out with the virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS makes it impossible for the people suffering with the disease to fight off simple infections and viruses that normal, healthy individuals wouldn’t be affected by. It’s not the virus that actually kills the individual, it’s the small scale outside infections, tumors, and viruses that kills the person because the AIDS virus destroysRead MorePolitics And State : Government And Politics1239 Words   |  5 Pagesused interchangeably these words are not the same. Nation and state are two distinct words, but state is the only word that does not have a definite origin. However, both words have been given power through the toxic idea of nationalism. Nation and state are two critical terms in the study of politics and it is vital that people are well informed about them. Although these terms have different meanings in each country, nation and state have two distinct meanings when discussing politics on an internationalRead MoreThe Human Mind For Millennia Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality is a topic that has interested the human mind for millennia. As early as the fourth century BC, Aristotle was writing about the differences within individuals based on â€Å"determinants of moral and immoral behavior (Matthews Deary),† which he identified as cowardice, vanity, and modesty. Aristotle’s student, Theophrastus, continued this thought process through a book detailing thirty personality traits, thus bringing forth the idea that an individual’s personality could beRead MoreThe Stages Of Hiv And Aids1520 Words   |  7 PagesHIV and AIDS are often thought of as the same thing but in actuality, they are two different illnesses. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV weakens a person’s immune system by destroying important cells, mainly CD4 also known as T-cells, that fight disease and infection. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS. AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the ultimatum condition when HIV is l eft untreated and is the most dangerous and life-threatening disease derived from it.Read MoreWho Is The Patient Zero? Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesBonaparte of the Napoleonic Wars, Adolf Hitler of the Holocaust, and then Gaà «tan Dugas of the AIDS Epidemic. However, one, of these men was falsely accused for being the starting point for the death of revolting amounts of people. This man is Gaà «tan Dugas who is also infamously known as Patient Zero. The â€Å"Patient Zero† story initially portrayed Dugas as the man who single handedly springing forth the AIDS epidemic. This in turn lead to the viral massacre of millions of people. Over the course of thisRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1620 Words   |  7 PagesDarwin first presented his theory of evolution by natural selection through his book called ‘On the Origin of Species’. The book was released in 1859 and it explained the process of how organisms changed over time through the result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. These changes allow an organism to adapt to the environment that it inhabits so that the organism’s chances of survival improve and produce more offspring (Than, 2015). However, biological evolution does not simplyRead MoreIn 2015, An Estimate Of 36.7 Million People Was Living1009 Words   |  5 Pagespeople died of AIDS-related illnesses (_). AIDS is a severe disease that causes the human’s immune system to become weak. Once the human body’s immune system is damaged, the body is more susceptible for infections. The most terrifying part about this entire ordeal is that scientist have yet to find a permanent cure for HIV/AIDS. As time progresses, scientists have been able to understand the illness even more and created treatment/medication to allow a person living with HIV/AIDS to an extended lifespanRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin had two great themes in quot;On the Origin of S peciesquot; which accounted for the similarities and adaptations characteristic of living organisms. To account for the adaptations of organisms and those innumerable features that equip them for survival and reproduction, Darwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are

A Study On The Education System - 1326 Words

Albert Einstein, an incredible scientist once stated to â€Å"not judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree†. Yet, in our education system we â€Å"judge† every student’s ability to function at a four-year university daily. When taking an exam we are all given the same aptitude exams, university standards or even the notorious EPT/ELM exam for a CSU. Having the same exam diminishes the idea of a specialty being shown through oneself. In our world today, we have many individuals with a variety of specialties contributing to the creation of a society. Many successful people have careers in a field that requires only knowledge in what they work in and the fundamentals of the requisites they may have. Teachers or parents might argue how early start†¦show more content†¦The accuracy of the EPT/ELM exam might be accurate in what shows on the scantron, but not what the student really specializes in or knows. Like an athlete getting a scholarship to a school, every student should have the potential of being admitted to a school for what they are best at. With the idea of having every student meet the same guidelines, a university will never meet its full potential because of the lack of originality in the students. The Early Start program is based off these assumptions of a student s potential; which is why the program should be abolished or have it running for students as an option. Some may argue that if the student was accepted to the university, it must imply the student has a specialty. Truth of the matter is that 50% of students go in undeclared or end up changing the intended major; which can only portray how the student does not know what they are best at or what they have a passion for. Students today are focused solely on meeting the numbers, guidelines and standards, that they forget why they go to school in the first place; to get a career they love. In addition to not having the student’s specialty shine, the amount o f time given at an Early Start program is by far too short for students to actually learn. With only six weeks to complete the developmental writing and/or Intermediate Algebra, students will only focus on passing the

Competency Model for Professional Project Managers

Competency Model for Professional Project Managers The Project Management Partners Competency Model was developed from the observable behaviours of successful, professional project managers in a variety of application areas. It provides a consistent, coherent structure for assessing the capabilities of current and prospective project managers. The Competency Model can be used to: †¢ Guide a training needs assessment to help optimize the use of scarce training dollars by identifying gaps between job requirements and incumbent skill levels. †¢ Perform individual competency assessments to evaluate current project managers or to screen prospective project managers. †¢ Conduct an organization-wide competency assessment to ensure that the most†¦show more content†¦The sender must make the information clear and unambiguous. The receiver must make sure the information is 2 Competency Model for Professional Project Managers complete and understood. Communicating has many dimensions: written and oral; listening and speaking; internal and external; formal and informal; vertical and horizontal. Successful project managers: †¢ Send clear messages †¢ Choose the form and timing of the message for their audience †¢ Create communications that look professional †¢ Use language carefully †¢ Confirm the accuracy of information sent and received †¢ Explain things well †¢ Listen carefully to others Organisational Effectiveness Organizational effectiveness is the ability to get things done. It requires an understanding of the formal and informal structures of all the organizations involved. Successful project managers: †¢ Know who to go to for help †¢ Win approval of requests for support †¢ Show respect for individuals regardless of position †¢ Maintain a network of contacts from whom to get assistance †¢ Know which resources are scarcest and manage them most carefully Team Building A team is a group of individuals who depend on each other for success (no one succeeds unless we all do). Team building means encouraging and enabling people to work together as a team to accomplish the project. Successful project managers: †¢ Define the team to include all the stakeholders †¢ Share managementShow MoreRelatedFinding The Right Project Managers1407 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains that â€Å"finding the right project managers begins with the organization’s definition of the role, and its project management processes. Most often companies look for project experience when evaluating new project managers, followed by communication skills. The generally described project manager competencies, such as project-specific expertise, problem-solving competence, leadership and social competence have to be complemented with entrepreneurial and project management competence.† In additionRead MoreCritical Thinking Is A Natural Process1593 Words   |  7 Pages in the workplace for project managers as it can help deal with daily questions that arise as well as evaluate people, policies and institutions to ultimately avoid problems. This essay will critically examine several models and theories of critical thinking addressing views and definitions from various scholars and philosophers. In addition it will be shown that critical thinking is indeed relevant in professional practice in particular its significance to project managers. The development of criticalRead MoreExplain The Makeup Of The Project Management Institute753 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Project Management Institute. Along with this list the reasons for the creation of the Project Management Institute. What is the value of this organization? Project management institute is a non-profit world-wide organization. It outlines the industry standardization, education, membership, research and certification. They advances the careers, matures the project management profession, and expands the organizational success through standards, resources, academic research, professional developmentRead MoreA Detailed Leader Profile From My Placement1597 Words   |  7 Pagesmost effective model that helps leaders think differently about value creation and shows them how to clarify purpose, integrate practices, and lead people in an organisation. Competing Values Framework can be used to assess core competencies, decision-making, human resources practices, and leadership capabilities of a leader and organization as well. This study used a 360 Degree Feedback model, which provides a holistic view of the leader by gathering feedback from a leader’s manager, peers, and directRead MoreGrowing Project Complexity Demands More Efficient Way For Managing Communication And Workflows873 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing project complexity demands more efficient way to manage communication and workflows. Collaboration became central to the PM and having a software that allows project artifacts to be created easily shared and updated , that provides web-based access and critical function such as automatic distribution and notification are crucial to enhance the productivity . Agile project management that has been given as much attention in the recent years is in growing popularity for the next decades. SlightlyRead MoreHistory of Project Management1733 Words   |  7 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.0 Introduction As we notice, project management has existed in thousands of years. After all, anything that requires an approach where humans organized effectively to a plan and achieve specific objectives can be loosely defined as a project. Let’s take an example, like Egyptians build the Great Pyramid of Giza (2550 BC) or the first Emperor of China that commanding the labour to build a Great Wall of China (206 BC). Today, we can see the result of these two projectsRead MoreBuilding And Maintaining A Pmo1653 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately $800K per year to operate (Project Management Solutions, 2014). OHSU will need a PMO Director, Project Manager Support personnel, a Training and Professional Development Manager, and a PMO analyst. Support personnel may include program and project managers, but it is also likely that only a Manager in necessary within the PMO, and that the project and program managers may come from other departments. Therefore, the PMO trainer, PMO Analyst, and PMO Manager will report to the PMO Director,Read MoreLeadership Competencies, Comparing Pre- And Post Assessment Results Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesFigure 1. Mean self-assessed scores in leadership competencies, comparing pre- and post-assessment results. Since the surveys were given directly before and after the event, there was minimal chance for intervening variables to influence the change. From this, the researcher concluded that the training intervention had succeeded in improving participants’ perception of their leadership abilities. The sole category where the scores decreased was conduct, though the difference was less than 1%. FigureRead MoreLeadership Theories: Learning About Transformational Leadership and Authentic Leadership1470 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership traits can be even more developed. The LTQ could be used in the workplace to identify personnel who could benefit from leadership trait development training. The Skills Approach is a great way to evaluate an individual’s leadership competency and capability. An organization can identify how developed candidates skills are using Katz’s three-skill approach of evaluating technical, human, and conceptual skills with the Skills Inventory Questionnaire (Northouse, 2013). While all threeRead MoreEssential Components Of A Program Management1150 Words   |  5 PagesEssential components to achieve excellence in project management can vary dependent upon the project, as a â€Å"One size fits all† tactic does not usually apply. While there are agreed upon theories, processes or life cycles of projects in the project management profession, the factors which determine the success of particular projects differ. Often, a feeling of effectiveness or achievement may outweigh budgeting and timing issues, for both the project team and the client, however upper management may

The Sharing Wisdom With African American Gentlemen

In today’s society some people opprobrious African Americans especially, African American males. Black men are defined as a threat to society and by the negative images conveyed in media today. Black children, particularly black males, are being raised in a world where there is a high probability of not graduating, being unemployed, arrested, or dead. We can minimize this epidemic by enhancing the lives of today’s youth. In society parents and guardians are usually responsible for accentuating the importance of values, morals, and ethics to our black children. However, children will deeply discern these ideologies if they are clearly perpetrated throughout the community. There are many community organizations using the Structural†¦show more content†¦The mission of the Sharing Wisdom with African American Gentlemen program is to extend resources and information specifically geared to uplift, educate, and empower African American males. Most importantly, we want to share the experiences of those who have prospered through difficulties to reach their success. If African American males are able to see a role model, especially someone they can relate to, they too, are more likely to long for success. The only time some African Americans hear about African American history is inside school, and usually the African American race are not the ones being adulated. Learning about African American history is important because a lot of the issues we faced in the past are repeating. In the past, black people could not drink from the same fountain, use the same bathroom, or sit in the same seats. For many years, black people were not worthy of the lifestyle that was offered to others. They were considered less than human and so they were involved in intense labor and experienced sexual racism. Some people use the Pathological Approach to explain these hardships and how these issues could have contributed to instability and disruption in African American families. The SWAAG program will educate our males about the past. We will enhance their knowledge by teaching them quotes written and said by African Americans, titles of books written by African Americans, and the biographies of

Advantages and Disadvantage of Magic Circle the Online Game

Question: Discuss the Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Huizingas Magic Circle as a Method for Comprehending the Social, Cultural and Psychological Uniqueness of the Play Experience. Answer: Introduction The Huizingas magic circle is a common term used in game studies. In online games, the magic circle refers to enclosed virtual worlds. The players enter the online social environment and the magic circle creates a shield which creates an impenetrable membrane separating the virtual world from the real world. However, there exists certain relationship between the virtual world and the real world. The virtual world has certain characteristics which are unique; however, there are also certain similarities between the virtual and the outside world. The magic circle describes the game and the manner in which the players actually interact with the game. The magic circle is a place for fantasy (Adams, 2013). The magic circle is an escape from the regular problems and when a person leaves the magical circle, it brings meaning and experience to the situation. The term magic circle is used to describe the difference between play and non-play and explains more complex type of social relations. Historically, the magic circle is defined as a space created for playing. In the magical circle, a player enters voluntarily into a space which is set apart from the ordinary life, location and duration. The magical circle has rules that differs it from the real life. The magical circle is infinite in nature and magic is transformed within the circle. Within the magical circle, a world is developed where the meaning of different elements is handled differently and the game rules have the highest authority (Stenros, 2014). Magic Circle The boundaries between the magic circle and the game are blurred and porous. The division of play and the ordinary life is invalid as it is space where among other things play happens. The magical circle can be studies in a social perspective and can be associated with cultural anthropology. The magic circle can be studied as a type of social contract and there are certain rules and devices which are triggered as the game begins. Therefore, before a player begins playing a game, he needs to come to an agreement with those rules. When a player enters the virtual world, he enters into a psychological bubble, a small and manageable world which is completely separate from the outside world. Although the virtual world create by the magic circle can be shared with other people, it creates a sense of protected and private place. The focus and the flow of concentration do not only occur at games but also at work. The detachment from the everyday reality that the game provides relates to the human psyche of desiring time and space for a new structure. It also relates to the need of privacy of humans wherein they desire to be at a certain distance from the concentrated activities (Petry, 2013). The experiences in the game also invade the real life of the people and affect the actual life people. The game also permeates to the dreams and the actions and thought of different people. The games are the social expression immersed and are the expressions of a specific person. At a certain point of time, a game is the expression of a particular idea or experiment and reorganizes from the point of view of player. Therefore, different people have different interpretation of the playful situations. The psychological bubble formed in gaming is not uniform and shared but personal (Huynh, 2013). Benefits of Using Magic Circle in Game Designing The magic circle provides opportunity to the gaming community to address the needs of the human society. A common example can be a conspiracy game in which each player begins in a familiar setting. The game highlights the trust and suspicion among the players. The uncertainty in the situation can create skepticism about the actual reality. The designers become capable of blurring the difference between actual reality and the gaming experience. They have the potential to deceive the sense of distinction between the reality and make-believe (Rodriguez, 2006). In the experimental game design, the skeptical uncertainty is the major controversial issue. It is experimental game design; paranoia is a major method which is used to distort the distinction between potential threats and secret plots. When paranoid, the player questions the existence of the boundaries and if they exists at all. The location of the magic circle also becomes significant for the game (Calleja, 2011). The magic circle provides social and individual experiences through gaming. There exists interaction between personal and social experiences of the individuals. The rules of the gamming are socially shared but accepting them is a personal choice (Boomen, 2009). Drawbacks of Using Magic Circle in Game Designing However, the major concern in the magic circle is that there should be a specific boundary which creates demarcation for the actual reality and the gaming world. The core element of magic circle is the idea of ordered-life and the agreed upon conventions. A game wherein the boundaries of the magic circle are not yet defined and the rules are not created, the game will be in a risky and undeveloped. This approach will be inappropriate in designing the games for social purpose or social philosophy. Obtaining the consensus of all the players will be complex because the ultimate aim of these games is to make the subject more educative rather than attractive or entertaining for the students (Jarvinen, 2004). Another concern in the development of the games with the approach of the magic circle is that the all the tactics and strategies in the games must be determined in advance of the games. The games developed on the basis of magical circle will make the game dependable on the decisions and the responses of players. It may create a state of suspension and aggression among the players or creative association through trial and error (Reyes Adams, 2010). Conclusion Magic Circle is an approach in designing virtual games. The magic circle is a virtual reality and assists the people in escaping the everyday life of the people. Every time, the people leaves the magic circle, it brings them new meaning and experiences. There are certain benefits of developing games with this approach as it provides the game designers to design games with which can reduce the difference between the reality and the games. The game participants have total control over the designing of the game. However, it is not appropriate in designing games which are aimed towards a social cause. References Huynh, K.P. (2013). Stepping out of the Magic Circle: Regulation of Play/Life Boundary in MMO-Mediated Romantic Relationship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18(3), 251-264. Jarvinen, A. (2004). A Meaningful Read: Rules of Play reviewed. The International Journal of Computer Game Research 4(1). Petry, A.D.S. (2013). The concept of magic circle: a critical reading. OBRA DIGITAL - ISSN2014-503. Nm 5 Septiembre 2013. Reyes, I., Adams, S. (2010). Screening Play: Rules, Wares, and Representations in "Realistic" Video Games. Journal for Computer Game Culture 4(2), 149-166. Rodriguez, H. (2006). The Playful and the Serious: An approximation to Huizinga's Homo Ludens. Game Studies. The International Journal of Computer Game Research 6(1). Stenros, J. (2014). In Defence of a Magic Circle: The Social, Mental and Cultural Boundaries of Play. Transactions of Digital Games Reearch Association 1(2). Adams, E. (2013). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders. Calleja, G. (2011). In-Game: From Immersion to Incorporation. MIT Press. Boomen, M.V.D. (2009). Digital Material: Tracing New Media in Everyday Life and

Distinguishing Features of the Major Court Systems free essay sample

Distinguishing Features of the Major Court Systems Criminal procedure can be complex, not only because of many factual questions that arise in day-day-police/citizen encounters but also because of the two-tiered structure of the United States court system. This two-tiered structure reflects the idea of dual sovereignty. The United States Legal system has been designed allow all citizens to receive a fair criminal trial regardless of social status, gender, race, and ethnic background. The system is composed by many confounding and complicated elements and processes. In the United States there are two parallel systems of courts: federal and state. Each is divided into trial courts and appellate courts. There are more than 200 statewide general and limited jurisdiction trial court systems in the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and more than 130 appellate courts on the state and federal levels. State appellate courts range in size from five to nine judges—most have a state court of last resort with seven members (Abadinsky, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Distinguishing Features of the Major Court Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our country has a two-tiered court structure consisting of federal and state courts. The fifty state court systems present a complex array of structures: No two state court systems are alike. There are two basic types of courts: those that try cases (trial courts) and those that consider cases only on appeal (appellate courts) from a trial court or a lower appellate court. (Abadinsky, 2008). While there are systems of trial and appellate courts in each state, most are not at all systematic. It is difficult to generalize about state courts. Some states, such as New York (Appendix A), present a confusing system of courts, often with overlapping jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is basic to understanding the organization of a court system. It is the geographic area, subject matter, or persons over which a court can exercise authority. The area of geographic jurisdiction is referred to as venue, and it can be limited to a particular district, city, or county. Venue in criminal cases is relatively simple—it is where the crime is alleged to have taken place. In civil cases, however, venue can be based on a number of factors, such as where the cause of the action arose, where the defendant resides or conducts business, or where the plaintiff resides (Abadinsky, 2008). State court structures vary from one state to the next, but generally consist of courts of limited jurisdiction, trial courts of general jurisdiction, intermediate appellate courts, and supreme courts. Most criminal cases originate in the trial courts of general jurisdiction, with decisions there being appealed to the intermediate appellate court and then to the state supreme court (Worrall, 2007). In every state, most cases come to trial in courts of limited jurisdiction, such as small-claims, juvenile, and traffic courts. These are specialized courts that hear only one or a relatively few types of cases. They are the most numerous type of court in the United States and in some states these courts handle more than 80 percent of all trials (Lieberman, 2004). Felony prosecutions and major civil trials take place in courts of general jurisdiction, which are empowered to hear many kinds of cases. These courts are often called superior courts, although the name varies by state. Every year more than 10 million cases or prosecutions are filed in these courts. However, less than 2 percent of these ever come to trial. Most civil cases are settled by the parties and most criminal defendants enter plea bargains (Lieberman, 2004). The Intermediate Appellate Courts are established on every state to relieve the pressure on their supreme courts, which were being inundated by appeals (Lieberman, 2004). As in federal system the state intermediate appellate courts hear appeals from both criminal and civil trial courts within their geographic regions. Every state has a final appellate court. In most states these are called supreme courts. Some states have two, one for criminal and other for civil appeals. The state supreme courts hear appeals mostly form intermediate appeals courts. Most supreme courts may choose which cases to review, and all have the final word on matters of state law, that is, common law, statutes, and the state constitution (Abadinsky, 2008). As outline in appendix B, at the federal level, three types of courts are relevant: District courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the U. S. Supreme Court. The district courts try cases involving violations of federal laws. District court decisions are appealed to the circuit courts of appeals, and then to the U. S. Supreme Court (Worrall, 2007). The highest court in the federal jurisdiction is the United State Supreme Court, which does not only hear federal appeals. United States Supreme Court is the ultimate court of last resort. The cases heard by lower level trial courts and appellate courts can be appealed to state supreme courts and federal appellate courts, no other court looks over the shoulder of the U. S. Supreme Court. When it comes to interpreting the federal law and applying both the federal and state law the Supreme Court of the United States is the number one authority. The judgments passed by the nine justices on this court are final (Adler, Mueller Lawfer, 2009). Federal courts enjoy rather extensive jurisdiction over 5 types of cases: 1) Those in which the United States is a party 2) Cases involving foreign officials 3) Those involving parties from different states if more than $75,000 is involved 4) Cases involving the US Constitution and federal laws 5) Those concerning specialty matters such as patent, copyright, customs and bankruptcy State courts share jurisdiction with fed court in categories 3 and 4 while fed court exercise jurisdiction in all other cases (Worrall, 2007). In conclusion, both state and federal courts although different they work in a similar manner aiding each other in serving the citizens live in better and more lawful communities and states. The state courts are more complicated for they respond to law of their particular state. But the mere function of the court system is whether Federal or State is simple: they administer justice by the application and interpretation of the law. They provide services on behalf of every citizen according to the provisions established by the constitution. They also enforce the laws according to the territory and jurisdiction these criminal offenses are committed. And lastly, they have the power to punish offenders or try to rehabilitate them for release back to society as well as to preserve the rights of all victims. Appendix A NY Court Structure | | | | Source: Court Structure (2004). Appendix B Source: Abadinsky, H. (2008). References Abadinsky, H. (2008). Law and Justice. An Introduction to the American Legal System, Sixth Edition. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Retrieved from, University of Phoenix E-book website. Adler, F. , Mueller, G. O. Lawfer, W. S. , (2009). Criminal Justice: An introduction [5 ed. ]. Boston: IL. Retrieved from University of Phoenix rEsource website. Court Structure. (2004). New York State Unified Court System. Retrieved from http://www. nycourts. gov/courts/structure. shtml Lieberman, J. K. (2004). Courts in the United States. Retrieved from Microsoft EncartaEncyclopedia Standard. Worrall, J. L. (2007). Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal. Retrieved from http://www. rioverdeuniversity. org/lcpTextbook. htm.