History of Relational Database

Hao-Wei He Wilmington University October 9, 2010 Abstract Database system have been inseparable with our daily life, since IBM developed the hierarchical database management system in 1969, database system has been innovated many times, such as hierarchical database, network database, relational database, and object-oriented database. Nowadays, relational database still is the most popular model used by different industries; this article is going to introduce the history of the relational database.History of Relational Database Data, which can be defined as an entity of meaning, it is the original material to construct message and knowledge. Thanks to the assistance of computer, data processing practices reached several important milestones. The earliest way to store data are done through manual file management, all documents will be filed and then store, but this method had many processing restrict, such as search, storage takes up a lot of space, and cannot be access by people at t he same time.After IBM announced the first set of hard disk drive for data storage in 1956, due to the innovate development of hard drive, and the access speed much faster than magnetic tape, it replaced the tape drive gradually, and then direct access file system developed. Although direct access file system could access each files directly and improved a lot of missing, but since the objects are files, it still lack of flexibility of processing. Database can be considered to automatically query and modify data sets.There are a variety of database types; from the simplest store all kinds of information forms to large-scale database systems that able to process a variety of mass data storage, are widely used in all inspects of applications. The advantages of database management system: * Reduced redundancy * Integrated data * Integrity * Data commonality * Protect data safety and privacy The disadvantages of database management system: * Overall operating cost will increase * More c omplex to use Need to backup regularly, or unexpected conditions will cause serious data damage * Hard to training database administrator * Difficult to integrate or manage different format from multi systems Therefore, there was an idea about divide files into a sum of record, and store it as an unit in the computer, it also formed the â€Å"Centralized Database System†, it can record a record through hard disk drive, and can directly navigate to the record or fields for further data processing and computing.This concept also derived to the following data types: * Hierarchical Data Model (1960s) Use record as a processing unit, and organize record by tree structure. As a result of the characteristic of tree structure, hierarchical data model particularly suitable for describe â€Å"One to Many† data composition relationship but â€Å"Many to Many† relationship. * Network Data Model (1970s)As a result of the tree structure does not reflect network connection rel ationship between data and data, so after hierarchical data model, some groups proposed â€Å"Network Data Model†, organize records by network structure. However, records in both Hierarchical data model and network data model use link to strung together, so when programming applications must accommodate the structure status between links, a lot of dependencies between programming applications and data structure, and the independence of data is hard to reach, cause the system difficult to maintain. Relational Data Model (1970 ~ present) Edgar Codd, a British computer scientist, proposed â€Å"Relational Data Model in 1970, emphasize the applications should not have any dependencies with internal structure of data, it also known as â€Å"Data Independence†, this data model lead the development of the database system entered a new milestone. In relational data model, data use record as a processing unit, and organize record in tabular form.The applications just face to t he tabular structure, without to understanding the internal structure of the data. Conclusion Relational Database Management System (Relational DBMS) is the most widely used database management system in recent years, the mainly reason is the concept of relational data models is simple, and the basic theory was developed very completely. Since Relational Database management System be proposed in 1970, almost all the commercial database management systems are based on this model.We often hear of the data table, is a relational database foundation.References Yung-Fang Chen, Relational Database management system lecture, Retrieved from http://allen. chen. name/teachdata. htm Jeffrey H. , Mary P. , & Heikki T. (2009). Modern Database Management 9th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Shou-Jeng Tseng. Review Database System and Future Research Develop. Taiwan, Retrieved from http://www. iicm. org. tw/communication/c1_1/page02. html.

Children Shouldnt Be Educated By Their Parents Education Essay

I agree with the sentiment that kids should ne'er be educated at place by their parents. This is based on the fact that, it is non a affair of traditional category the kids will be analyzing at place by their parents ; there are besides no higher recommendations signifiers from higher acquisition instruction, and kids will non be in a place to follow waies from their parents. As amateur of fact, it is really much important to direct childs to traditional schools. It is much of import to direct kids to traditional schools for them to win in their lives. Children Should Never Be Educated At Home by Their Parents As a affair of fact, kids ‘s instruction has become really much of import in the current times. As an consequence, there has been a het argument on whether kids need to be educated at place by there parents or non. In seeking to look into this affair, this paper tries to reason about if kids should be educated at place by their parents or non. Those suggesting for this gesture claim that, it is non a affair of traditional category the kids will be analyzing at place by their parents ; there are besides no higher recommendations signifiers from higher acquisition instruction, and kids will non be in a place to follow waies from their parents. As amateur of fact, it is really much important to direct childs to traditional schools, ( Educationalgateway.com, 2011 ) . As a affair of fact, the procedure of larning at place by parents is non traditional categories that childs learn from school. For illustration, male parents and female parents are non able to learn their childs all the clip. Traveling with the words of Judge Mangum said, â€Å" You ‘ve done good in place schooling, done a good occupation † ( Robbin, 2009 ) . On the other manus, he ordered that the childs should be placed in public schooling. Most persons hold a idea that, childs will make better in public schools as compared to place schooling. Regardless of the fact some childs go toing place schooling might be even in higher classs as compared to their age, such kids might non supply information to their parents. This is based on the fact ; most parents do non hold adequate instruction. In traditional categories, kids normally learn from teachers ; who have undergone through a certain instruction system and qualified for the occupation. Such like teachers have lesson programs, which is a really good planning for instruction, this is because, lesson programs provide a clear lineation wear how kids need to be educated. In add-on to that, such like teachers found in traditional schools are approved by higher acquisition plans, so they are certain of what they are learning, and the content of the lesson. By sing the morality of kids, it is much right to determine that, the issue of larning at place by parents has increased bad ethical motives and listening behaviours. The ground as to why most bookmans have concluded such a statement is that, most of the childs will non hold hold any regard when their parents order them to make one thing or the other. As a affair of fact, such bookmans have concluded that, it is far much of import to direct childs to traditional category, ( Gary, 2009 ) . The 2nd thing is that, [ the issue of larning at place by parents provided no recommendation from higher acquisition organic structure or organisation. It was said by on parent that, â€Å" It is my purpose to be a better influence on my kids than their favourite instructor! I want to be my kids ‘s hero! I want my kids to cognize that I may non cognize it all, but I will ALWAYS at least effort to happen the replies to whatever it is that is blighting their heads. And if my program goes good, they will be the same manner and ever seek more cognition! ! The universe is our schoolroom! ! † ( Robbin, 2009 ) for case, it is really important to advert that, parents might non be in a place of supplying research labs while at place. Comparing this with in category suites, where kids get to larn face to confront with their teachers, who ion of supplying practical categories. This is because traditional schools do hold research labs. Making affairs more worse for kids larning at p lace by their parents, such kids might non continue to higher acquisition establishments unless they go to traditional categories. To add on that, parents might non be holding an outside occupation to back up their households. As a consequence, they might be busy looking for other agencies of supplying to their kids, therefore take really small clip in learning their kids. Some people have revealed that, every kid can merely have quality instruction from school other than at place by his or her parents, ( Lena, 2011 ) . The 3rd issue is that, research has place that, kids will non take waies given by their parents, when they are being taught by their parents. It is true that, most childs disobey their parents and oppose them excessively. Mangum said that â€Å" public school will fix these childs for the existent universe and college ; be able to besides hold socialisation. † ( Bart, 2009 ) Apart from filed trips, good ample socialisation clip, and existent universe readyings, childs will be provided with other good chances in traditional schools. At this cyberspace epoch, kids will merely listen and does their ain work, as an consequence, childs will disregard what their parents state them to make. To add on what had already been stated, kids will non be making their assignment. In contrary to this point of immorality and hearing, in traditional categories, it is obligatory for kids to follow what their teachers instruct them to make. And a consequence, childs will be making all assignments assigned to them by their teachers in school. Different surveies have hence concluded that, kids will larn faster through their teachers, as they will be good hearers and morally unsloped, ( Robbin, 2009 ) . Inclusion, based on assorted points that have been discussed in the chief organic structure, I agree with the point that, kids should ne'er be educated at place by Their Parents, it is much of import to direct kids to traditional schools for them to win in their lives.

Crimes of the Heart Essay

I choose Babe as the character that I would make a â€Å"through-line. † She has one of the more detailed and complex background stories. They are complex, because it is not extremely evident why they are significant. However, once one deeply analyzes her character, it becomes evident why these stories about her are so important in trying to understand Babe. Babe’s ultimate goal is to understand her complex reality. Unlike the other Magrath sisters, she has been deeply pondering the reason behind her mother’s suicide. She even goes so far as to think about it before each suicide attempt told in the novel. Each time, she feels closer to her mother due to her self-discoveries. For example, she is extremely happy to learn that her mother hung the old, yellow cat not out of hatred but out of fear of loneliness in the afterlife. She is also one of the few characters that try to understand Meg’s promiscuous and crazy personality. Babe describes the after affects Meg had after finding their mother dead. According to Babe, Meg would look at pictures of people diseased or in pain in order to prove that she was not weak. This desire to appear strong translated into other areas of Meg’s life. The way Babe tries to accomplish her goal of understanding her reality is by acting like a child. Babe sees the world through a child’s lens. She asks many questions, cannot control her emotions, and does not understand social norms. One example where she cannot control her emotions is when her sister is in the room and she tries to claw out the rope from the drawer. Rather than discreetly take the rope, she feels the need to claw it out and kill herself immediately. Similar to a child, she also does not understand social norms or their consequences. While Babe is pretty and has men after her such as the young lawyer, she prefers small children. Babe cares for and has sexual relations with a small boy, Willie Jae, who is only 15 years old. It seems she feels better connected with young children, versus adults her age. Additionally, Willie is African American. During such a time, having just contact between the two could have led to significant punishment for the both of them. Rather than simply understanding her situation, she appears oblivious to it. When Willie Jae must go north for protection, she asks why. It seems she does not completely understand the way certain races are viewed in society. Her act as a child saves her in the end. Her lawyer had a fanatical obsession with his personal vendetta against Zachary; however, he gave that up for her sake. He loved and cared for Babe’s child-like and kind personality. Babe has probably used her perceived child-like innocence before. As she tries to understand the world, her child-like characteristics both help her and are a detriment to her. Through-line: -Dad abandons her and her sisters Mother hangs herself in the cellar along with the old, yellow cat. Mother ends up on the national news -Grandfather calls her dancing sugarplum. -Marries Zachary while drunk. Grandfather believes she will become the top of society. -Is physically abused by her husband and pushed around by her sister-in-law, Lucille -Gets a dog called Dog from Willie Jae, 15 year-old African American boy. She has sexual intercourse in the garbage several times -Zachary comes home early and hits Willie Jae. Babe is suicidal, but instead tries to kill Zachary. Makes lemonade and then calls an ambulance.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Case Study Example It is more risky and mosly concerned with starting companies. This is a speculative form of investment which helps firms and individual to gain some interest on money which could otherwise be idle. Market bonds also help firms to diversify investment in the capital market. These bonds help companies to raise finances from the public and help the government to regulate inflation. Individuals buy share from the stock market to become shareholders through investment, for example n pension and insurance schemes. The investor should always know that the value of shares can increase or fall. Stocks and shares however still provide opportunities for personal investment. Stock market is a way by which firms can raise funds. Through share, ownership of the company is exchanged with money from investors. This is a strategy which can be used by a company to regain its competitive edge in the market. Company restructuring may involve management restructuring, name restructuring and functional restructuring. Proper restructuring is a good competition strategy in a highly competitive or oligopolistic market. These are growth strategies which most firms use to reduce competition and gain bigger market share. Merger is when one firm enters in to partnership with another so that they can utilize each other’s strength for the benefit of both. Acquisition is when a firm buys another firm out of the market. Risk is a negative occurrence in the course of investment which is known with certain level of probability. Risk affects investment choices and levels in terms of capital. Return is just what is ripped from any form of investment. Net present value is an investment decision rule used by different investors to determine the worth of investment. When net present value is positive, then the investment is worth (Brown. P.G et al,

Draper Manufacturing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Draper Manufacturing - Case Study Example For instance, when Brent asked Adam Fox about on time shipment of orders, Adam’s reply hinted the dearth of workforce rather than any other issue. Additionally, the company does not enjoy financial stability and growth, but is facing some serious financial, economic and environmental challenges. On the economic front, the increase in the oil price passing the point of $60 per barrel negatively impacts over the cost of the company as the petroleum is a basic raw material component for mattress. Second, the Gulf hurricanes severely damage the TDI, the chemical consumed to develop polyurethane foam. In addition, the Draper manufacturing also faces some competitive challenges from the competitors. In the recent times, there has been growing tendency to import low priced Asian products, which bring more challenges for the company. Â  Company has adopted some measures to reduce its cost burden. This is where the Draper manufacturing really needs put its efforts and try to bring imp rovements in order to meet the business challenges. Workforce diversity is going to be there, and it cannot be termed as a problem for the growth of the company. In conclusion, the Draper manufacturing faces business challenges rather workforce diversity issues.Although there is no doubt that the current workforce working in the company is diverse and belongs to different races, yet the cause of contention between or among them does not represent their personal views over the racial issues but the business issues.

El Derecho Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

El Derecho - Essay Example The meaning gets twisted depending on the usage. The same is true for El Derecho. In Spanish, as an adverb, the term when translated to English means straight, upright, or directly. Or if used in a sentence, derechos could mean a straight path, as in â€Å"The children walked straightly to the room† But as a noun, the term is no longer used to describe a direction, but rather it refers to the â€Å"right† of a person. Erichsen, Gerald, a Spanish Language Guide (n.d.), explains that the word, when used as a noun would mean another thing and not specific to direction, but more on the rights of a person such as morals, customs, principles, or according to law. The word can also come in a plural form such as â€Å"derechos†, or derechas. So if one would refer to human rights, it is correct to call it â€Å"derechos humanos† for human rights’. When â€Å"derecha† is used, Erichsen said it connotes political affinity, such as opposite of the â€Å"left† political party, or ‘right wing’. Vernor Munoz Villalobos, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education (2010) used the term â€Å"derecho humano† on her paper to describe a human right to have an education.(UN General Assembly, New York, 2010) . The word has a clearer meaning when used as an adjective because it is specific such as right, opposite of left, straight or upward or in brief, it gives a specific direction, like â€Å"linea derecha†, that means straight line. But further to vocabulary usage the term becomes important in storm predictions and a criterion for severe wind gusts. It is a word coined by the NOAA-NWS-N CEP Storm Prediction Center that describes â€Å"derecho† as a long-lived wind storm that is associated with a band of rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms. This could be related to my above description of the word because of the straight damage directed in one direction. Thus the Storm Prediction Center calls it a ‘a

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML Essay

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML - Essay Example For the purpose of this scenario, the information sources are represented by these operational database systems which are actually relational databases, and are required to be integrated in the data warehouse. Every clinic has also a manager and a number of staff, such as, cleaners, nurses, and etc. Since, data warehouses are capable of handling server tasks connected to querying, therefore, the proposed implementation of data warehouse would support the company’s transactions systems to complete transactions within a desirable time frame by running the reports and queries on a server. Allow the users (company staff) to obtain reports and make queries efficiently as data warehouse gives the user control over the response time by storing the older data and the recent data in well-organized manner. Despite the fact that the company can enjoy many benefits from implementing the proposed implementation, there are some major drawbacks as well which are highlighted in another article at Exforsys (The disadvantages of a data warehouse, n.d.): Since, data warehouse contains historical data about a company’s transactions, the value of this information might be limited because the businesses operating in today’s market are in constant transition, and therefore, it may not be always worthy to use a historical data. The process of extracting, transforming, and loading data from the source systems in real-time can be one of the most challenging tasks for any data warehouse. The ETL process normally requires downtime of the data warehouse, and therefore, it is usually carried out late at night to avoid any inconvenience because users cannot access data warehouse during the process. However, there can’t be any system downtime when the data is being loaded continuously in real-time. Unfortunately, most of the traditional ETL tools and systems are incapable of supporting continuous updates in the data warehouse without

Compare and contrast the positions of one or more neo-Marxist or Essay

Compare and contrast the positions of one or more neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theorists of ideology with those of the classical Marxist tradition - Essay Example It is reasonable to assume that public sentiment and government economic policies (usually informed by contemporary economists noted above) are pulling in opposite directions. And the tensions created by these opposing tendencies are already giving rise to widespread social unrest, as shown by the emergence of the global solidarity movement and the World Social Forum. (Frankel,1997, p.58) In this context, it makes for an interesting exercise to understand contemporary interpretations, revisions and adaptations of Marxism, which have come to be termed variously as neo-Marxism and post-Marxism. Some of the leading figures in the neo-Marxist movement are Georg Lukacs, Antonio Gramsci, Max Weber, Karl Korsch and others. To a lesser extent French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and Frankfurt School founders Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno contributed to the broader understanding of traditional Marxist theories. One of the driving forces for neo-Marxist and post-Marxist thought is the perceived inadequacies of conventional Marxist ideology in explaining and providing solutions to common politico-economic problems. For example, in the century and a half that has passed since Marxs original theoretical formulation, only a few violence-ridden revolutions have taken place – a fact that belies Marxs prophecies on communist revolutions. The establishment of socialist regimes at the end of such revolutions too have not lasted for long (barring the case of China). Even politically overhauling events such as the two world wars have not spurred the implementation of communist ideology in a meaningful manner. While the erstwhile Soviet Union was nominally a communist state, in reality it was a brutal dictatorship not hesitant to crack the whip on its own masses. In the case of China, which is considered the last bastion for Marxist

Open Source and Open Standards in Ecommerce Assignment

Open Source and Open Standards in Ecommerce - Assignment Example These types of services are offered to cover against system problem, help, mitigation and training. The revenue generation is offered through presenting some contractual aspects (GBdirect Ltd, n.d). 8 Saint-Andre (2009) has answered the question and stated that open source technology and products often rely on open protocols standards, for example Mozilla with HTML/JavaScript/CSS, Apache with HTTP, Sendmail with SMTP. In this scenario we can assess that the proprietary products and systems are also doing the similar job. In this regard the open source technology developers need to confirm the platforms efficiency to offer the user a better and enhanced experience. Therefore open source developer need to fulfill all the quality standards of the open standards. However small development firms and software houses are restricted to construct a closed implementations as well as consequently they are not fixed to limitations of licenses for example GPL (Saint-Andre, 2009). Saint-Andre (2009) has stated that a number of people thought that, the W3C or IETF supports a format or protocol; it consequently turned out to be a standard. However standardization is not an issue of authorization ; however it is a concern of recognition in the marketplace. Not the entire of standards are open (for instance, PowerPoint or MS Word). Despite the fact that, when formats as well as protocols are coming under the open standards, then open standards applications are technically strong typically be liable to be established through the marketplace like a standard. Certainly, a certain application or protocol turns out to be not simply a standard however the leading marketplace maker. For instance, Apache is the leading web server. It new protocol HTTPng was unsuccessful to grab sufficient market because it was not fully supporting Apache community. A powerful open source "anchor" facilitates to guarantee the openness of

Olson’s collection of short stories Essay Example for Free

Olson’s collection of short stories Essay One important aspect of the plot is the mother and her ironing of the dress. The narrator is a middle aged mother of five Olson makes her out to be the type of woman that was rare for that time in American History: a mother who works and cares for her children at the same time. This is a matter of necessity since the father left when she was one. This is a circumstance which mirrored Olson’s real life as well as a young mother in the early 1960’s when opportunities were starting to open up for women but were as they are today. In that spirit, the book serves as a portrayal as an example of the unfairness of women’s lives. In the book, the narrator who is left unnamed, reflects on her distant relationship with her eldest daughter named Emily. The book is an expansion on the story about mother and daughter and their need to identify themselves despite living in a broken home during the Great Depression and trying to make ends meet. Gradually, the mother reveals that she was only nineteen herself when Emily, the daughter was born and due to the fact that there was no welfare system in place at the time, she was forced to leave Emily with the family of the father who left her. The narrator recalls how different Emily was from her siblings; she did not smile or laugh easily. The narrator has loved her as much as the others but was unable to learn how to show this most important human affection. The narrator ties into this circumstance, the fact that Emily is very different from her siblings and does not laugh or show emotion easily. To make matter worse, Emily develops a severe case of the measles and she is quarantined from her mother and siblings again. The measles becomes too severe that Emily is sent to a convalescent home in the country. By the time she is allowed to come home, she is a skeleton of herself, both physically and emotionally as it is now impossible to give or receive any amount of physical affection. Later in Emily’s development, she is still finding her past as a major impediment to her personal growth. Emily has no concern for the future and for her schooling and exams as well. Despite all of the attempts by Emily’s family, no effort proves fruitful and the narrator informs the reader that the family has come to the consensus that they will let her be and will leave her alone. There is an unmistakable boundary between the identities of the mother and daughter despite the fact that they both have very similar pasts. But the asking for help is what the narrator finds difficult when it comes to the assistance needed to help her daughter. â€Å"You think that because I am her mother I have a key or that in some way you could use me as a key. She has lived for nineteen years. There is all that life that has happened outside of me, beyond me. † The story and the narrator present the development of both mother and daughter as incomplete. The daughter is still trying to find herself and her level of independence and the mother is struggling with her guilt that she feels by abandoning her daughter and the consequences Emily has suffered because of it. A deep sense of deprivation pervades I Stand Here Ironing. The mother describes numerous limitations she has had to confront: poverty, abandonment by her first husband, housework, and motherhood itself. The limited resources of the mother limit the daughter as well. The mother feels helpless to encourage her daughters budding talent as an actress. Both the daughter and mother appear to be apathetic about their circumstances and the future by the end of the story. The daughter decides to sleep late and miss her exams because she says that at atom bomb is going to hit and everybody is going to be dead anyways. It is a sad story and a story of two individuals, important to each other, never being able to connect as a family should because of their inability to rise above their circumstances which served as an impediment too great for them to overcome. WORKS CITED Byrne, Marie. The Essence of Tillie Olson. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. 1999 I chose this book because I found the person of Tillie Olson, a person that I had never heard before, as a fascinating one. Her life and the decades of struggle for women’s rights was one that needed to be addressed and studied. In the situation that she came up in and the impediments that she faced by not only her time in American History but as a single mother as well was a story that I needed to first understand, as well as a third party could before I was to write on any of her works. Olson, Tillie. I Stand Here Ironing. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994 This book was chosen since it serves as the text for the book. This was read also to obtain direct quotes from the book and to reread a number of passages that I, at first, did not understand its importance in relation to the flow of the story. The book gives a brief summary of the biographical information of Tillie Olsen and the other accomplishments that she had other than her writing career. Revere, John. Charleston’s Times Courier: Tillie Olson: January 3, 2007. I was surprised to discover that the death of Tillie Olsen had only occurred last month. When this was discovered, I looked at some newspapers for the day in order to find any obituaries on this person. And to my surprise, an extensive version was found and I was able to put a name to a face; something that I have always found helpful when trying to understand a person. The article detailed the accomplishments of Tillie Olsen and what her peers and readers alike had to say about her in a contemporary context.

Marketing Strategy For Daily Telegraph Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategy For Daily Telegraph Marketing Essay Each company must find the game plane for long term survival and growth that makes the most sense given its specific situation, opportunities, objectives and resources. It is important to understand the overall companies strategic planning to understand the marketing strategy. Strategic planning usually sets the rest of the company planning. It is the mix and match of companys objectives, goals and capabilities. In the recent days effective marketing strategy are equally important for newspaper industries. Generally news paper tells about other business marketing but the marketing strategy for the newspaper are never been discussed. (Peter J P Olson 2004). With the changing of Global Business environment, the marketing strategy of news paper is changing. In this particular paper the researcher will demonstrate the marketing strategy for one of the UKs leading news paper Daily Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph is one of the famous and effective daily morning newspaper distributed throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. It was first founded in June 1855 by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh. It is the only remaining major newspaper in UK. It is now owned by David and Fredrick Barclay, and it is the ninth largest newspaper in UK. In the recent days Daily Telegraph, has become one of the successful newspaper not just in UK market also in International market. In January 2009, the Telegraph was the highest selling newspaper, with average daily circulation of 842,912. The daily telegraph has a significant influence in British Politics. The significant number of readers shows that Daily Telegraph is popular in the newspaper market. Effective marketing strategy leads them to this successful condition. As like other business, newspaper business has a marketing strategy, which they follow to compete with the market. For the purpose of this particular paper, the researcher constitutes several of factors that might influence the marketing strategy for Daily Telegraph. The researcher will start with discussing about the objectives of daily Telegraph, researcher then discuss about business environment that might influence Daily Telegraphs marketing strategy. The researcher also demonstrate the factor involve in 7 Ps. The researcher also constitute situation of Daily Telegraph in global market. Marketing Objective for Daily Telegraph: Informing: Objectives should provide with the information about functional and psychological needs that the services satisfies. It is very important especially for new product. In the case of Daily telegraph they just need to set their communication objectives as to inform audience in more sophisticated way because they already know the needs of their potential buyer. Persuading: Objective should set to persuades consumer to move towards some action or attitude. It should be appropriate for competitive growth products. The Daily telegraph is a growing business in a competitive market. Reminding: In the objectives companies initiate a communication approach that reminds that the product or services is still available. As a existing company Daily Telegraph will set their marketing communication objectives in reminding that the services are still available for them. Marketing Strategy for Daily Telegraph: Before go the marketing strategy for Daily Telegraph the leading news paper in the UK, we need to understand the concept of marketing strategy. Marketing strategy is a marketing process and a marketing method which justify and focuses an organizations energies and resources on a course of action (Christopher M, Payne A Ballantgne D 2002). Marketing strategy eventually can lead to increased sales and dominance of a targeted market niche. A marketing strategy consists several of elements such as product development, promotion, distribution, pricing, relationship management and other elements. It help in identifies the firms marketing objectives as well as organizational objectives and goals. It also explains how they can be achieved, ideally within a stated timeframe. Marketing strategy determines the choice of target market segments, positioning, marketing mix, and allocation of resources. Business Environment for telegraph: It is very important to consider the business environment for any organization before established a marketing strategy. Studying the external and internal environment which influence organizations overall business strategy including marketing strategy. As different organization work in different industries and business environment, it is important to find out appropriate business environment for them. UK news paper market is very competitive. So it is important for Telegraph to consider the business environment first, before concentrating towards their consumer. There is several of factor need to be considered to evaluate the environmental issues for newspaper Daily Telegraph. There are two different business environments, one is internal and other is external. To measure those issues, organization needs to use several of marketing model and theory. SWOT and PESTEL is important model in this regard. SWOT Analysis for Daily Telegraph: SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. SWOT provides convenient headings under which to study an organization in its environmental setting and may provide a basis for decision making and problem-solving (Mullins J L 2005). Internal Environment: Strengths: Strengths are those positive aspects or distinctive attributes or competencies which provide a significant market advantage or upon which the organization can build for example, through the pursuit of diversification (Mullins J L 2005). Strength is the measurer of internal business environment for any organization. As far as Telegraph is concern, is has got the competency because it has been working as an influential in this particular industries for the past several of decades. Because of its strong work ethic, internal business environment are in favor of it which put it in a competitive advantage situation. Weakness: Weakness is those negative aspects or deficiencies in the present competencies or resources of organization or its image or reputation, which limits its effectiveness and which needs to be corrected or need action taken to minimize their effects (Mullins J L 2005). Every organization has some negative aspect, so do Telegraph has some. It has some political influence which sometime work as negative business environment for Telegraph. Different political views some time reflects on it writing and information. External Environment: Opportunities: Opportunities are favorable conditions and usually arise from the nature of changes in the external environment (Mullins J L 2005). As far as Telegraph is concern it has got the potential which work as its opportunity towards the newspaper market. So considering the external business environment Telegraph is in competitive position. As the researcher mentioned that in January 2009 it has been selected as one of the highest selling newspaper, it reflects the external environment is in its favor and it in fact an opportunity for Telegraph. Threats: Threats are the converse of opportunity and refer to unfavorable situation which arise from external developments likely to endanger the operations and effectiveness of the organization. It includes political and economical, new product by competition and other external factor. Same as the opportunity we have to assume that some external factor of Daily Telegraph has became a threats for him. Because of its traditional working patterns, it will face some threats from outside market because there are some developments of new ideas in these particular industries. PESTEL Analysis: PESTELstands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. It is a strategic planning technique that provides a useful framework for analyzing the environmental pressures on a team or an organization.PEST analysis is also know as a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations Kotler (1998). Political factor: Political factor includes Government, tax, trade barriers, and infrastructure. Considering Political situation in UK, Daily Telegraph has been influenced by it for last several of decades. It is known to every one that, daily Telegraph indirectly a conservative party newspaper and 65% of its reader is conservative party supporter. Its make a great deal of impact on its marketing strategy. It is am external business environment which not just influence its marketing decision but also the overall business strategy as well. Economic factor: Economic factor are the most important for any organization towards its growth. These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. In the recent days, economic crises are the major concern for UK and it hits the newspaper industries as well. Most of the business organization has to change their marketing strategy because of the economic factor which works as both internal and external business environment. Social Factor: Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms services and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. UK has got multicultural environment. Considering the social factor Daily Telegraph should concentrate on planning for their marketing strategy. Generally every news paper has some responsibilities towards the society. So daily star should consider the social influence as well as social responsibilities towards its marketing strategy. Technological factor: New technologies create new services and new processes. Because of globalization technology are developing rapidly. The impact of technological development mostly effect on the media sector. Technological development increases the marketing opportunity for news paper industries. Legal: Legal factor put impact on companys legislation such as employment, competition and health safety. It is vary important for every company for their marketing strategy. Legal factor are important in media industries because it deals with very sensitive matter. As far as news paper is concern they have to consider the ethical and unethical, legal and illegal advertising. In UK every newspaper has to follow the EU law and trading policies including the marketing strategy. Environmental: Environmental factor influenced the level of pollution created by the product or service. News paper should take in to consideration of environmental issues and encourage general people regarding this. So the marketing strategy is influenced by the environmental factor for Daily Telegraph. Marketing Strategy and Marketing Mix: Marketing mix and marketing strategy has a positive relationship. As far as marketing strategy and marketing mix is concern, company has to consider several of factor such as product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence which is know as 7Ps. (Hawkins I, Roger D Best J 1998). Product: Product means the goods and services combined the company offer to the targeted consumer market. In the case of Daily Telegraph news paper is the product and every one is the consumer. Daily telegraph has to consider their product and service level to create an effective marketing strategy. Price: Price is the money that consumer pay for their consumption of goods and services. Daily telegraph has to consider the price for their goods and services they provide to the consumer in respect of marketing purpose. Place: Place includes the companies activities that make the product available to target consumers. Promotion: Promotion activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it. People: People are generally known as consumer who will buy the product and services. Process: Process is the marketing process that involve in promoting the product and services. It is one of the vital parts of marketing strategy. Physical Evidence: Physical evidence consist the physical existence of the product and services. Marketing Communication Tools Integrated marketing communication refers to the management and control of all marketing communication; in fact it is the implicated level of marketing communication which is a part of marketing strategy. The strategic analysis, choice and control of all elements of marketing communications that efficiently, economically and effectively influence transaction an organization and its consumer (Smith P, Berry C Pulford 1997, 1999). Conclusion: During the analysis of different field of marketing strategy the researcher found several of ideas that could be implemented in Daily Telegraph marketing strategic process. Because of the recent changing global business environment, it is vital for Daily Telegraph to take appropriate initiative to build a relationship with the existing customer and also to focus on creating new customers. As recent days corporate responsibilities are a key issue in terms of ethical marketing communication process, Daily Telegraph should follow the truthful and sensible marketing communication concept but in new approach which refers to the integrated communication tools. Daily Telegraph should take in to consideration of buyer behavior seriously because of changing environment. Reference Cited: Christopher M, Payne A Ballantgne D (2002); Relationship Marketing: Creating Stockholders Values; 2nd rev edition; A Butterworth-Heinemann. Peter J P Olson (2004) Consumer Behavior : Series in Marketing, McGrew Hill Irwin Simons, J. A., Irwin, D. B., Drinnien, B. A. (1987). Psychology: The search for understanding. New York, West Publishing. Smith P, Berry C Pulford A (1997, 1999) Strategic Marketing Communication, Kogan Page Limited, USA Mullins J L (2005), Marketing Strategy; Ney York, McGraw Hill. Hawkins I, Roger D Best J (1998) Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy, 7th Edition, Mc Grow Hill, Boston.

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role This essay focuses on introducing change in the organization. It looks into the change agents role; the positives and negatives on the personal front. It also critically analyses how much power lies in the hands of the senior management in implementing change in an organization. A case study has been incorporated into the report to understand how managers implement changes or imbibe them into the organization in real life. CHANGE AGENT According to the Oxford Dictionary, Change is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to make or become differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Recently, multinational corporations (MNCs) have been facing a lot of changes in their strategic direction as well as their day to day activities. (Stone, 2008) Generally, corporations have experienced a lot of resistance to change from their employees. In order to ensure that the change is incorporated smoothly into the organization, the recognition of a Change Agents role becomes essential. A change agent, by definition is, A person who acts as a catalyst for change. (Stone, 2008) There is a deep connection between leading and changing the organization. As Ahn rightly put it; The avoidance of change has been described as the opposite of leadership. (Jick et al, 2003) Leadership involves motivating a group of people and aligning their interests towards a common goal in the aim of achieving it. Change agents could be anyone in the organization who is the driving force behind the change. For Instance, the CEO of the company would be recognized as a change agent on several occasions or a consultant may be hired; who acts as the agent as well. (Jick et al, 2003). The change agents competitive advantage lies at his/her ability to act in response to the change. There are three general types of responses one can expect from a change agent. (Ulrich et al, 1997) Initiative Changes, whereby the change agent responds by bringing into the organization; new procedures or projects. This is basically done at the strategic level. The second type of response is Process Change. This occurs more at the operational level; where the change agent focuses on how the task is being carried out; and whether the work can be simplified or distributed; based on the organizational structure. The last type of response is the Cultural Change. It transforms the organizations way of thinking. (Ulrich et al, 1997) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF A CHANGE AGENTS JOB Change agents are most susceptible to change themselves. (Jick et al, 2003) The agents go through a variety of positive and negative emotions and issues while dealing with implementing change in the organization. Firstly, the most obvious issue change agents face will be the resistance to change by the employees. This occurs irrespective of how well/not the agent handles his job. Someone, somewhere, at some point in time during the implementation will have a thought process which does not align to that of the others. This leads us to the secondary issue, which is frustration. In case the change introduced by the agent backfires, he would be the first person the organization will blame. The agent would feel isolated and might even get de-motivated at the thought that the plan he introduced did not work out. (Jick et al, 2003) Though the negative issues do seem to give an impression that the change agents job is always dreary, its often counteracted by positive challenges and emotions. The adrenaline rush of having transformed an organization successfully because of that change is a huge plus point. Change cannot be decided by one person; hence requiring the agent to involve himself in a lot of interaction with his employees by which new relationships develop. Often, when the agents look in retrospect, they find that they have gone a long way, and the factor of self fulfillment shows up. With every step, the agents would have utilized their strengths, opportunities and overcome their weaknesses and threats. (Jick et al, 2003) POWER AND CHANGE Power is defined as; The ability to influence various outcomes. (Bowditch and Buono, 2005: 195). This statement makes it clearer there is a close relationship between power and change in the organization. French and Raven (1959) came with a power base table which can be applied to change management. (Graetz et al 2002: 242-3) This basically deals with power and change in terms of top down approach. There are five types of powers of which one or two of them might lie with the management responsible for the change. Reward Power, whereby the managers reward the employees for their co-operation; Coercive Power, which means the employees get punished for non compliance; Referent Power, where personal relationships are used against them to follow the change; Expert Power, where specialist knowledge is required to understand the change procedures and reason for attempting them. The last power is the Legitimate Power, where change is decided by the senior staff and seems necessary for success. (Jick et al, 2003) This approach lays emphasis on implementation, and is a lot faster. The major disadvantage here is that resistance will arise from employees and middle level managers. Organizations generally rely on internal managers or external consultants to introduce change. Consultants are preferred since they have a neutral attitude towards the situation; and may be a lot more skilled and knowledgeable in the area. It would be a good idea to combine both of them i.e.; have internal managers as well as external consultants. (Stone, 2008) In contrast to the French and Raven power base, another strategy might be to hand over the power to the employees. This is the bottom up approach. While it encourages employee participation and reduces uncertainty on their part; it is very time consuming. (Stone, 2008) CASE STUDY Dennis Hightower was Disneys newly elected vice president for Europe. He was required to develop a different business strategy that was something totally different than what had been done in the past. He was given a time limit of three months. Walt Disney started off as a small company in the entertainment industry and emerged as one of the top most in recent times. They reported overall revenue of $3 billion dollars. A particular division in the company; Disney Consumer Products (DCP) reported $167 million of division revenue. Soon after, this division was involved in international licensing. The market was very diverse with complex environments. Hightower had formulated a certain strategy in mind. This report focuses more on the way he implemented it across the organization. He followed the Squeaky Wheelchair Theory; which meant he got involved into the situation only when there was a problem. Rather than ordering his team members on how its done; he persuaded them to see the logic and how each of their contributions added value to it. Loyalty was a key factor in his method. He trusted his team enough to let them make their own decisions to a great extent. This helped him ensure he had his teams support and all their goals were on the same track. Disney underwent a radical change, where fundamental changes were produced in the organization. Its generally more threatening than an incremental change. (Where the changes involved are on a small scale; for example, modifications in the day to day operations, etc.) This change was planned as well; which meant the change was implemented in an organized manner by the change agent. In essence, Hightower was the change agent; who tackled the above stated issue in a way which led to higher profits for the company. (Jick et al, 2003) CONCLUSION A change agent is thus very important in the introduction, leading and managing the change in the organization. Its very important to find the right person at the right time as it can make or break the situation. Positive and negative issues occur in every job and the change agent is no exception. Its important for the change agent to take up challenges such as resistance and try and make them work in his/her favor. The relationship between power and change is debatable, but finally, what counts is what exact change the organization is planning to undertake; if its a situation which is of strategic importance, its better for the top management to decide. The case study showed us one of the real life examples of change management.

Discuss the role that the Bank of England plays within the UK economy. :: Economics

Discuss the role that the Bank of England plays within the UK economy. The Bank of England was founded in 1694 to act upon the government as its banker and debt-manager. Since it was founded, its role has developed and evolved into what we have today, with its role centred on the management of the nations monetary unit, the pound and it is the infrastructure of the UK’s financial system. (http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/history/index.htm visited 27th October 2005 last updated 12th June 2002 by Anon) The history of the Bank is one of great interest in this country, but also of continuing relevance and importance to the bank today. Events that have taken place within the last three hundred years have helped to shape and influence the role and the general responsibilities of the Bank. The Bank has moulded the culture and traditions and the expertise of the Bank as a central unit to the early years of the 21st century. Much of the history of the bank runs in tandem to the financial and economic history of this country, and often too the political history of the UK more generally. There have been many key points in the history of the Bank which have guided its future in this country. In the early years the Bank system was weak in the rule of King William and Queen Mary. Over the years though, various progressions have been made with the introduction of loans, interest rates and various other things which make up the Bank today. The Bank of England is controlled by the level of interest rates it sets via the manipulation of short term interest rates. This is controlled by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). If the MPC think that the demand is set to rise too fast, then they will increase the interest rate, but if they think demand is growing at a slow rate, or maybe even possibly falling, they will then reduce the interest rate. This is known as the transmission mechanism. The MPC is made up of nine members. Five of them are from within the Bank of England and include the Governor and two Deputy Governors, the other four are called external members and are appointed by the Chancellor. At each monthly meeting the members vote on what they believe should happen to the interest rates. If the vote is equal, then the Governor of the Bank of England has the casting vote. There are many different internal consumer demand changes that will affect the general public. Firstly there is consumer borrowing. Many consumers use this method to borrow money in the form of credit cards

Biotrim: True Weight Loss or Scam? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive P

Biotrim: True Weight Loss or Scam? In today's society, everybody wants a quick fix to all of their cosmetic problems. Whether we want better faces, better bodies, whatever, we want it now and we surely do not want to work for results. Due to this incredible demand for immediate self-improvement, the weight loss market has turned into a multi-billion dollar industry preying on people who are uniformed about weight loss and the body's capabilities. Many products and programs such as Jenny Craig, Weight Watchers, and the like are useful to many people and teach them how to maintain their entire lives in addition to their weight. Unfortunately, there are also products on the market today that offer false claims about individuals' ability to lose weight. One such product, the topic of this investigation, is called Biotrim. In the following paragraphs, we will look into its claims for weight loss and make an educated conclusion about the possibility of success by using this product. Before ever reading the advertisement I found for Biotrim, I took a look at the pictures of satisfied Biotrim customers. Here, I saw photographs of people who were overweight and looking unhappy before using the product, and then photographs of those very same people slim and happy after their success with weight loss by using Biotrim. There are little captions of personal letters from these people singing the praises of their incredible results and how they were happier, better adjusted human beings based on their appearance. This underlying claim that losing weight will make you a better person is just one of the many ways these companies target people who are insecure and uninformed. Reading on in the advertisement, this product promises not onl... ... bottom of the advertisement that the results shown are "atypical." Also, the cost to the company to make the product is substantially less than the $23.95 that it costs the consumer to buy it, so even if half of the customers ask for a refund, the producers of Biotrim still make money. Well, I hope that this investigation into the weight loss claims of the Biotrim product had been informative. If nothing else, I hope that you will read claims very carefully in the future, and keep in mind that many products that promise quick results with no effort on your part are on the market simply to take advantage of people that should know better but just do not take the time to investigate the claims. Take care in buying these products, because most of them will not deliver. Beware of scam artists, they will prey on your desire for a better you. Don't waste your money.

Comparison of Elizabeth Bennet’s Marriage Proposals in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Through the course of the novel, Elizabeth Bennet receives two very different marriage proposals, and a declaration of love. In chapter 19 Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth in his long-winded and pretentious manner, and in chapter 34 Mr. Darcy makes his own conflicting proposal of marriage. In chapter 58 Darcy asserts his love for Elizabeth despite her previous rejection of him. From the way each man makes his proposal we learn a great deal about their characters, and we see Elizabeth’s own character reflected in her reaction to each. Even by chapter 19, the reader has been drawn in to such an extent by these characters that we empathise with them greatly, especially Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. The reader identifies particularly with Elizabeth, the protagonist. At the beginning of the novel, long before Collins’ proposal, we have grown to dislike him. When Collins proposes to Elizabeth, the reader knows that he will not be successful. We have a distaste for Collins after we are told he first wanted to marry Jane, but then turned to Elizabeth when he discovered Jane’s relationship with Bingley. We know he had no affection or attraction to either, so we hope that his efforts towards Elizabeth fail. Before proposing, he effectively asks for permission by informing Mrs. Bennet of his intentions. He planned it out and went about it in such an orderly manner that we imagine that he had rehearsed it. His three reasons for marrying are solely practical; â€Å"I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy circumstances to set the example of matrimony in his parish.† â€Å"I am sure it will add greatly to my happiness.† â€Å"It is the particular recommendation of the very noble lady [Lady Catherine de Bourgh] whom I have the honour of calling patroness.† He is not interested in love. Despite Mr. Collins’ assurance of the â€Å"violence of my affection†, he has no true affection or love for Elizabeth, so shows himself to be insincere. His snobbery and arrogance are evident when he insults Elizabeth’s family and lack of wealth and uses his connections to the De Bourgh family as a reason to marry him. Elizabeth is amused by the ridiculousness of the situation, but keeps herself composed and clearly refuses the proposal. â€Å"It is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them.† Collins is incredulous and tries to convince himself that she is teasing him. He is condescending and patronizing, and refuses to take her seriously. â€Å"You are uniformly charming.† He reveals his vanity in his presumption she will say yes. Elizabeth viewed marriage as something to be undertaken by two people who were in love. By refusing Collins, she was taking an enormous risk, as no one might ever propose to her again. In the early 1800s marriage was the only way for women in Elizabeth’s position to provide a secure future for themselves – Elizabeth’s future was in doubt as was her family’s estate, Longbourn was entailed. A woman’s only other options besides marriage were, as women were not permitted to work, to live with and be dependent upon relatives, e.g. brothers, cousins, married sisters etc. Perhaps if she were well educated she might have become a governess. Elizabeth’s refusal shows her to be a woman with integrity and great tact. She hides her feelings of â€Å"distress and diversion†, and is polite. When she refuses she is extremely polite, commenting that she is â€Å"well aware of the honour of your proposals.† She is dignified and does not react to Mr. Collins’ insults about her family’s wealth and status, or indeed his â€Å"willful self-deception† when it came to her answer. Shortly afterwards, Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s friend, receives an offer of marriage from Collins and accepts. Charlotte’s view of marriage was more pragmatic – marriage was primarily about security – love was a secondary criterion. Charlotte certainly did not love Collins; it was the hope of financial security that attracted her into the marriage, if she were in love with Collins it would only be a luxury. These were the accepted beliefs at the time among the middle and upper classes. Charlotte would endure a loveless marriage for the hope of financial security. In chapter 34 Darcy makes his first proposal to Elizabeth at Hunsford, the worst possible time for him to do this, as Elizabeth could not have hated Darcy more at this time. She blamed him for the unhappiness of Jane as Darcy had discouraged Bingley’s affection towards her, and for that of Wickham, whom she believed had had his inheritance denied to him. Darcy appears greatly agitated when he made his proposal. He enters her room and walks about for a while before speaking, even then to make a few awkward enquiries after Elizabeth’s health. He was fervently in love with Elizabeth and speaks briefly and passionately. â€Å"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings are not to be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.† This outburst is in sharp contrast to Collin’s long pre-planned monologue, and shows true emotion instead of false sentiments of affection. But Darcy is also strikingly similar to Collins’ in his arrogant presumption that she will accept him, â€Å"he spoke of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security†. His utter bewilderment that she should refuse him â€Å"†¦no less resentment than surprise. His complexion became pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature.† This demonstrates the same sort of conceit that Collins displayed. Darcy then goes on to insult her Elizabeth’s family and circumstances. â€Å"Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections?† His insensitivity to Elizabeth is clear – he describes his feeling for Elizabeth as against his better judgement, â€Å"his sense of her inferiority – of it’s being a degradation – of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination.† Again he shows himself to be proud, snobbish and superior, like Collins. Elizabeth is flattered initially by Darcy’s attention, â€Å"she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a man’s affection.† But Darcy’s attacks on her pride provoke her to anger, â€Å"Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment.† This indignation finally climaxes with a severe blow to Darcy’s upper class sensibilities â€Å"†¦it spared me the concern in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner.† Darcy is shocked and hurt by this accusation. Despite his pride, this causes Darcy to reflect deeply on his behaviour and to modify it in future. The two of them leave each other, both of them angry and upset. Elizabeth is shocked by Darcy’s proposal but keeps her composure and remains dignified. She is brave and strong-willed in standing up to Darcy. She is not moved by his wealth or status and stays true to her principle of marrying for love. She does not accept the conventions of her time that it was acceptable to marry for money. She is completely honest and sincere with Darcy, and shows great integrity and independence. Elizabeth however is completely serious when dealing with Darcy, compared with her guarded politeness when with Collins, whom she found to be ridiculous. In chapter 58, during a visit by Darcy and Bingley to Longbourn, Elizabeth and Darcy proclaim their love for each other, and it is understood that they will be married. There is no formal proposal from Darcy; the idea of a future marriage is implicit. Elizabeth admits that her feelings have changed. She had been blinded by her initial poor first impressions of Darcy, and prejudices produced by her being taken in by Wickham’s deception. She admits that she was wrong, â€Å"She explained†¦how all her former prejudices had been removed.† She is embarrassed by the remarks she made to Darcy during his proposal, â€Å"do not repeat what I then said†¦I have been most heartily ashamed of it.† Darcy’s love was unmoved by Elizabeth’s rejection; he still wants to marry her. He admits the follies of his past behaviour – conceit, arrogance, snobbery. â€Å"I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle.† We know that Darcy had been transformed. Instead of shunning the Bennets because of Lydia’s social disgrace, he tracked down the couple and paid Wickham to marry her, thus rescuing the family from ostracism in society. Furthermore, he seeks amends with Jane by encouraging Bingley to marry her by admitting his misunderstanding of her affection for him, and his concealment of her visit to London. He is also gracious to the Gardiners when they visit Pemberley, even inviting Mr. Gardiner to accompany him fishing. Darcy explains how he made a conscious effort to change after Elizabeth’s accusation of â€Å"ungentleman-like behaviour†. This was an uncomfortable truth for Darcy, and the reproach spurred him to change his behaviour. â€Å"Those were your words†¦you can scarcely conceive how they have tortured me. Before I was reasonable enough to allow their justice.† Elizabeth tells us how she began to lose her prejudice after receiving a letter from Darcy explaining his actions in the affairs of Wickham and Jane. â€Å"Darcy mentioned his letter†¦She explained†¦how gradually all her former prejudices had been removed.† She is also pleasantly surprised by Darcy’s civility during her visit to Pemberley, and this too affects a change in her emotions. Each of them has helped the other become a better person; we feel the two are ‘right’ for each other. We feel confident that they will be contented together in married life and grow in mutual love and respect. After the correction of Elizabeth and Darcy’s faults, the two have earned each other. They deserve a happy married life based on mutual devotion and financial security, with which Austen rewards them. I feel that Elizabeth was right to reject Collins – his focus on the financial and practical side of marriage was the antithesis to Elizabeth’s ideal of love in married life. The marriage would not have been happy for either. I also feel that Elizabeth was right to reject Darcy’s proposal of marriage. At that time, neither had had the opportunity to change in response to each other’s criticisms, and as Elizabeth would have accepted his offer of marriage without truly being in love, we, the reader, would lose respect for her, as would Darcy, and it would appear her interest is fiscal rather than romantic. It would also be an unhappy marriage. I feel that Elizabeth was right to agree to marriage in the end. She had overcome her prejudice, and Darcy his pride, and we know that they are a good match for each other. We hope that they will have a secure and happy married life.

Nike Writes the Future Case Study

Nike is one of the renowned sports brands in the world. In 2010, Nike introduced their â€Å"Nike writes the future† commercial campaign. This was aired for the Soccer world cup 2010. Even though Adidas was the sole sponsor for this event, Nike introduced this 3-minute advertisement as a rival company. Nike soccer build their brand not only through their advertisements but also with public relations, sponsorships and innovations. Nike engaged young consumers via internet and on the field. In addition, Nike has achieved its market through sponsorships to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design. Moreover, Nike has kept their customers engaged through introducing devices such as Nike fuel band, Nike sports watch, Nike running app etc. How is Nike Soccer creating excitement for its brand through advertising? Kotler defines excitement as â€Å"Customer engagement through experiential and emotional involvement with sellers†. When it comes to marketing its vital to have the customer engaged with sellers through excitement. In order to achieve customer involvement Nike Soccer introduced â€Å"Nike writes the future† commercial campaign in 2010. Nike sponsored soccer players starred in these advertisements, such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Fabio Cannavaro, Franck Ribery and Wayne Rooney. This ad campaign contrasted between results of Rooney’s failures and successes. Rooney’s failures could result in stock market crash or life spent without having any money. His successes could result in babies named after him or knighthood etc. In addition, to the aforementioned advertisement Nike had other engaging ads as well. The Mission†, â€Å"Airport scene†. By using celebrity footballers such as, Cristiano Ronaldo, Wayne Rooney, Nike captured the attention of fans of these players, and this video went viral on the internet. Nike used social media as another source to publicize these advertisements. How is Nike Soccer sponsorship creating excitement for its brand? In 1995 Nike soccer sig ned long term partnerships with Brazilian and United States soccer teams. Their website shows a list of their sponsored teams, such as Barcelona, Manchester United, and Arsenal etc. By offering sponsorships Nike get to advertise their products and innovations through these teams. When these teams are using Nike products, fans of these teams will inevitably get attached to Nike brand. Thus, gaining a new customer base, and building a close customer relationship. How is Nike Soccer creating value for its brand through public relations? â€Å"– it’s about striving for the best, creating value for the business and innovating for a better world. † (Nike, 2012) Innovating for a better world was one of Nike’s ultimate goals. Nike conducted several events and designed products to achieve this goal. In 2010 Nike conducted a campaign called ‘The Chance – Write the Future’. Whole purpose of this campaign was to attract young talented soccer players to trial at Nike academy. In conjunction to this campaign, Nike encouraged its audiences to write 57 character headline messages to inspire their favorite soccer players, through Twitter, Facebook and other social media services. Nike conducted several campaigns in African continent to prevent HIV/AIDS. With their RED campaign Nike donated 100% of profits from purchases of Nike RED laces to HIV/AIDS education and medication in Africa. Public relations is a more powerful tool compared to advertising. Public relations creates an environment for brand exhibition and education. Thus, bringing the brand to the hidden parts of the world. How is Nike Soccer creating value for its brand through innovations? Nike has introduced several devices and programs over the past years. In 1993, Nike started ‘Reuse-A-Shoe’. In this program they grinded foam, fabric and rubber of worn out shoes of various brands and turns them into athletic surfaces. This was one of the oldest innovations of Nike. Nike introduced ‘Elite Series’ soccer boots. Elite Series came with the Nike Football+ feature. Users get to access interactive online training by soccer experts from famous clubs. In addition, Nike introduced Nike Soccer+ for iPhone and iPod. When Nike introduces a new product it opens up new marketing channels, and the brand will be featured once again. Therefore, the brand won’t die in the market. In addition, Product innovation, causes a diversification of the brand. New products can be introduced to new customers. In today’s market businesses cannot stay without product innovation. Through product innovation Nike was able to attract new customers and keep old customers throughout the period. How is Nike Soccer developing the soccer category as a brand leader? In order to gain international recognition Nike shifted to soccer category in 1994, when it had a turnover of US$40 million. Nike recently introduced laser soccer field s across Madrid. As a part of their #MiPista campaign, Nike is promoting their street-specific shoes with insta-soccer fields. Anyone can request a portable field using a smartphone or computer and then play virtually on any flat. Upon request, a team of Nike will gather to the requested place and setup a laser soccer field to grant the high-tech wish. Conclusion Over the past 20 years Nike Soccer has gained huge a customer base, and in return they have gone a long way. Nike has gained the respect of so many customers and they have a reputable brand. Nike has covered almost every aspect of marketing in order to get in to the top. However, Nike needs to come up with new innovations every once in a while to stay on the top of Soccer brands.

Traffic Jam in a Big City

Ever read about Science of observation, deduction and analysis? Oh, I’m not going to give a physics lecture! Well, it’s a grate thing. Imagine that somebody is coming to you and you already know what s/he was up to in the past or what s/he is going to ask you and so on†¦ there could be many cases in which science of deduction can be used. Here are some of the points which can help you all in deducing. But you can always read novels of Arthur Conan Doyle in your leisurely time to known more about it. They are available on the net as e-books for free, and in printed form as well.SHERLOCK HOLMES’ SCIENCE OF DEDUCTION AND ANALYSIS Note: Nos. 1-60 are from the Doyle complete canon; 61-94 are from the Basil Rathbone movies, and 95-97 are from the Young Sherlock Holmes movie. 1. Like all other arts, the Science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can only be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest pos sible perfection in it. Before turning to those moral and mental aspects of the matter which present the greatest difficulties, let the inquirer begin by mastering more elementary problems.Let him on meeting a fellow-mortal, learn at a glance to distinguish the history of the man and the trade or profession to which he belongs. Puerile as such an exercise may seem, it sharpens the faculties of observation, and teaches one where to look and what to look for. By a man’s finger-nails, by his coat-sleeve, by his boot, by his trouser-knees, by the callosities of his forefinger and thumb, by his expression, by his shirt-cuffs – by each of these things a man’s calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent inquirer in any case is almost inconceivable. 2.You should consider your brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with furniture as you choose. A fool takes in all lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best is jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hands upon it. Now the skilled workman is very careful indeed as to what he takes into his brain attic. He will have nothing but the tools which may help him in doing his work, but of these he has a large assortment and all in the most perfect order.It is a mistake to think that that a little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forgot something that you knew before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones. 3. An observant man can learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. From a drop of water, a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other.So all life is a great cha in, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. 4. Always approach a case with an absolutely blank mind, which is always an advantage. Form no theories, just simply observe and draw inferences from your observations. 5. It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. Insensibly, one begins to twist the facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. It biases the judgment. 6. The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of this profession. 7.They say that genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains. It’s a very bad definition, but it does apply to detective work. 8. The height of a man, in nine cases out of ten, can be told from the length of his stride. 9. When a man writes on a wall, his instinct leads him to write above the level of his own eyes. 10. To a great mind, nothing is little. 11. It is a mistake to confound strangeness with mystery. The most commonplace crime is often the most mysterious, because it presents no new or special features from which deductions may be drawn. 12. There is nothing new under the sun.It has all been done before. 13. Often what is out of the common is usually a guide rather than a hindrance. In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward. That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much. In the everyday affairs of life it is more useful to reason forward, and so the other comes to be neglected. Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you what the results would be. They can put those events together in their minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass.There are a few people, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve from their own inner consciousness what the steps were which led up to that result. This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backward, or analytically. 14. There is no branch of detective science which is so important and so much neglected as the art of tracing footsteps. Always lay great stress upon it, and practice it till it becomes second nature. 15. Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner. 16. Never guess.It is a shocking habit – destructive to the logical faculty. Observe the small facts upon which large inferences may depend. 17. When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. 18. The main thing with people when you talk to them in an investigation is to never let them know that their information can be of the slightest importance to you. If you do they will instantly shut up like an oyster. If you listen to them under protest, as it were, you are very likely to get what you want. 19. Women are never to be entirely trusted – not the best of them. 0. It is good to adopt a system of docketing all pa ragraphs concerning men and things, so that it would be difficult to name a subject or a person on which one could not at once furnish information. 21. When someone thinks their house is on fire, their first instinct is at once to rush to the thing which they value most. It is a perfectly overpowering impulse. 22. Often the strangest and most unique things are very often connected not with the larger but with the smaller crimes, and occasionally, indeed, where there is room for doubt whether any positive crime has been committed. 3. As a rule, the most bizarre a thing is the less mysterious it proves to be. It is your commonplace, featureless crimes which are really puzzling, just as a commonplace face is the most difficult to identify. 24. Usually in unimportant matters there is a field for the observation, and for the quick analysis of cause and effect which gives the charm to the investigation. The larger crimes are apt to be the simpler, for the bigger the crime the more obvious , as a rule, is the motive. 25. It should be your business to know things. To train yourself to see what others overlook. 26.In an investigation, the little things are infinitely the most important. 27. Never trust to general impressions, but concentrate yourself upon details. On examining a woman’s appearance, you should realize the importance of sleeves, the suggestiveness of thumb-nails, or the great issues that may hang from a boot-lace. In a man it is perhaps better first to take the knee of the trouser. 28. Singularity is almost invariably a clue. The more featureless and commonplace a crime is, the more difficult it is to bring it home. 29. The most difficult crime to track is the one which is purposeless. 0. Depend on it, there is nothing so unnatural as the commonplace. 31. You must look for consistency. Where there is a want of it you must suspect deception. 32. Your eyes should be trained to examine faces and not their trimmings. It is the first quality of a crimin al investigation that you should see through a disguise. 33. Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing. It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different. 34.Your method should be founded upon the observation of trifles. 35. The ideal reason would, when one had been shown a single fact in all its bearings, deduce from it not only all the chain of events which led up to it but also all the results which would follow from it. As Cuvier could correctly describe a whole animal by the contemplation of a single bone, so the observer who has thoroughly understood one link in a series of incidents should be able to accurately state all the other ones, both before and after. We have not yet grasped the results which the reason alone can attain to.Problems may be solved in the study which have baffled all those who have sought a solution by the aid of the senses. To carry the art, however, to its highest pitch, it is necessary that the reasoner should be able to utilize all the facts which have come to his knowledge; and this in itself implies, as you will readily see, a possession of all knowledge, which, even in these days of free education and encyclopedias, is a somewhat rare accomplishment. It is not impossible, however, that a man should possess all knowledge which is likely to be useful to him in his work.A man should keep his little brain-attic stocked with all the furniture that he is likely to use, and the rest he can put away in the lumber-room of his library, where he can get it if he wants it. 36. Often the impression of a woman may be more valuable than the conclusion of an analytical reasoner. 37. Read nothing but the criminal news and the agony column. The latter is always instructive. 38. The most practical thing that you ever can do in your life would be to shut yourself up for three months and read twelve h ours a day at the annals of crime.Everything comes in circles. The old wheel turns, and the same spoke comes up. It’s all been done before, and will be again. Then when you have heard some slight indication of the course of events in an investigation, you should be able to guide yourself by the thousands of other similar cases which should occur to your memory. 39. An investigator should look at everything with reference to his own special subject. One, for example, can see some scattered houses along a countryside, and become impressed by their beauty.But to the investigator, the only thought sometimes should be a feeling of their isolation and the impunity with which crime may be committed there. 40. Crime is common. Logic is rare. Therefore it is upon logic rather than upon crime that you should dwell. 41. Pipes are occasionally of extraordinary interest. Nothing has more individuality, save perhaps watches and bootlaces. 42. Always in an investigation you should put yours elf in the man’s place, and, having first gauged his intelligence, try to imagine how you would proceed under the same circumstances. 43.Results are come by always putting yourself in the other fellow’s place, and thinking what you would do yourself. It takes some imagination, but it pays. 44. It is of the highest importance in the art of detection to be able to recognize, out of a number of facts, which are incidental and which vital. Otherwise your energy and attention must be dissipated instead of being concentrated. 45. Make it a point of never having any prejudices, and of following docilely wherever a fact may lead you. 46. In an investigation, it is only the colourless, uneventful cases which are hopeless. 7. In an investigation, always look for a possible alternative, and provide against it. It is the first rule of criminal investigations. 48. The features given to man are means by which he shall express his emotions, and you can read a man’s train of th ought from his features, especially his eyes. 49. Some people without possessing genius have a remarkable power of stimulating it. 50. As long as the criminal remains upon two legs so must there be some indentation, some abrasion, some trifling displacement which can be detected by the scientific searcher. 1. The Press is a most valuable institution, if you only know how to use it. 52. One characteristic that the detective should have in the Science of Deduction and Analysis is the ability to throw the brain out of action and to switch all thoughts on to lighter things wherever you think things could no longer work to advantage. 53. Education never ends. It is a series of lessons with the greatest for the last. 54. First real insight into the character of parents is gained by studying their children. 55. Your thoughts about dogs should be analogous.A dog always reflects the family life. Whoever saw a frisky dog in a gloomy family, or a sad dog in a happy one? Snarling people have sn arling dogs, dangerous people have dangerous ones. And their passing moods may reflect the passing moods of others. 56. When a doctor does go wrong he is the first of criminals. He has the nerve and he has the knowledge. 57. When you follow two separate chains of thought, you will find some point of intersection which should approximate to the truth. 58. Do not agree with those who rank modesty among the virtues.To the logician all things should be seen exactly as they are, and to underestimate one’s self is as much a departure from the truth as to exaggerate one’s own powers. 59. It is always good to have someone with you on whom you can thoroughly rely. Local aid is always either worthless or else biased. 60. It is my belief, founded upon experience, that the lowest and vilest alleys do not present a more dreadful record of sin than does the smiling and beautiful countryside. 61. The average petty thief has a more extensive knowledge of the value of objects, than the average collector. 62.The best place to hide anything, is where everyone can see it. 63. It’s often a mistake to accept something as true, merely because it’s obvious. The truth is only arrived at by the painstaking process of eliminating the untrue. 64. One of the first principles in solving crime, is never to disregard anything, no matter how trivial. 65. People generally forget in assuming a disguise, that the shape of the ear is an almost infallible means of recognition and identification to the trained eye. 66. Facts are always convincing. It’s the conclusions drawn from facts, that are frequently in error. 7. To the trained ear, footsteps have a characteristic rhythm as identifiable as fingerprints. 68. When murders are committed, there usually is something that unfortunate victims have in common, that might indicate the motive. If, on the other hand, they appear incidental, then they are sometimes a part of something more sinister. 69. The science of det ection is very much like stringing a handful of beads. In an investigation, the suspects are the beads, where you then must try to string them together with some thread to make a connection, in order to solve the mystery. 0. Houses, like people, have definite personalities. 71. Surgical instruments that save life, are hardly more pleasant to look at, than those that take it. 72. Murder like matrimony, generally has a motive. 73. In this profession, one has to take chances. 74. Egomaniacs are always so much more chatty when they feel they have the upper hand. 75. Suicides, invariably leave notes behind them. Murders do not, and when you drive a person to suicide, that’s murder. 76. Often a good disguise to assume, is that of a postman. No one ever looks twice at a postman. 7. When women are involved in crime, their method, whatever it is, is apt to be peculiarly subtle and cruel. Feline not canine. 78. Poison is a woman’s weapon. 79. Whenever setting a trap, in order to catch someone, it’s best to bait it with the food they like. 80. In an attempt to solve a crime, it’s best to duplicate the conditions under which the crime occurred. 81. Never trust plans already made by other people, they have a habit of becoming to widely known. 82. Sometimes to leave one unguarded, can be a skillful trap for one’s opponent. 3. The imagination is where crimes conceived, and where they’re solved. 84. Even when facts clearly indicate one thing, it is not always the case. That’s why so many murders remain unsolved. People will stick to facts, even though they prove nothing. Now, if you go beyond facts, use the imagination as the criminal does, imagine what might have happened, and act upon it, you will usually find yourself justified. 85. An investigator always needs something more than legends and rumors. Proof, you must have proof. 6. When examining footprints, it’s good to know that, clubfooted people invariably bring th eir full weight down on the toe. If other peculiarities arise, such as, the footprint being balanced from toe to heel, then the footprint must have some other compensating deformity to explain it, such as, the footprint being made by a person not really clubfooted, but wearing a clubfooted shoe. 87. The obvious always appears simple. 88. No matter what situation arises, one must adapt oneself to the tools at hand. 89.Every crime, always exhibits a pattern and a purpose in it. 90. Purpose and motive are the last things a sane man would imply, if he were posing as a madman. Unless there is method in his madness. 91. The temptation of the sudden wealth, could possibly turn a once seemingly harmless person, into a ruthless killer. 92. Murder is an insidious thing. Once a person has dipped their fingers in blood, sooner or later they’ll feel the urge to kill again. 93. The terrifying part about blackmail is, that the victim is afraid to fight the accusation, no matter how false.On ce the accusation is made, their name becomes smeared and sometimes their life is ruined. 94. Anything is possible, until proven otherwise. 95. Never trust the obvious. 96. The deductive mind never rests. It’s not unlike a finely tuned musical instrument, which demands attention and practice. Problems of logic, mathematical equations and riddles are some ways of fine-tuning the mind. 97. A great detective relies on perception, intelligence, and imagination. â€Å"Come, Watson, come! The game is afoot. †

HRM Goals

HRM has three basic goals, which contribute to achieving management objectives: First goal is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers. Integration in the first sense involves selecting the HRM options consistent with (and which promote) the particular corporate strategy. The option Is determined by the type of employee behavior expected (e. g. innovation) needed to further the corporate strategy.Second goal of HRM is securing commitment through building strong cultures. Third goal of HRM is to achieve flexibility and adaptability to manage change and Innovation In response to rapid changes consequent upon globalization. The principal objectives of HRM: To help the organization reach its goals. To employ the skills and abilities of the workforce efficiently. To provide the organization with well-trained and well-motivated employees. To Increase to the fullest the employee's job satisfaction and self-actualization. To develop and maintain uality of work life.To communicate HR policies to all employees To be ethically and socially responsive to the needs of society. HRM helps an organization and its people to realize their respective goals: At the enterprise levels: 1) Good human resource practices can help In attracting and retaining the best people in the organization. Planning alerts the company to the types it will need in the short medium and long run. 2) It helps In training people for challenging roles, developing right attitudes towards the Job and the company promoting team spirit mong employees and developing loyalty and commitment through appropriate reward schemes.At the individual level, Effective management of HR helps employees thus: 1) It promotes teamwork and team splrlt among employees. 2) It offers excellent growth opportunities to people who have the potential to rise. 3) It allows people to work with diligence and commitm ent. At the society level: Society, as a whole is the major beneficiary of good human resources practices 1) Employment opportunities multiply. 2) Scarce talents are put to best use. Companies that pay and treat people well always race ahead of others and deliver excellent results.At the national level: Effective use of human resources helps in exploitation of natural, physical and financial resources in a better way. People with right skills, proper attitudes and appropriate values help the nation to get ahead and compete with the best In the world leading to better standard. Real Example, HPH – AICT my current work environment HRM goals: First goal is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers For Instance, the HRM policies In relation to recruitment, appraisal, compensation, training, etc. re related to the business strategyemoval of narrow Job classific ations

Nash jewellers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nash jewellers - Assignment Example terest in reading brochures and waiting for others to tell them about trending jewelry stores instead they watch real shows on television for information. It has also become essential to use the internet as a communication tool, in order to target our audience and show the way we dominate in jewelry industry. Even though advertising Nash jewelry on radio and television may compromise the image of the store, I believe that this form of exposure will benefit the firm greatly (Nash 1). It is essential for Nash jewelers to focus its advertising on sites from the internet that appeal to the young individuals. Although I believe that Nash’s North store will assist the company to grow, I also believe in using the web and the internet as it will benefit the company’s store. Since the young customers are very interested in technology, we could photograph physical pieces of jewelry using a digital camera then posting them on the internet for customers to see. In addition, since we will present this ‘virtual’ inventory via the internet, we would develop computer programs that will enable the clients to search for the prices of items that meet their standard sat specific points. Shifting our efforts to popular internet sites such as Google will be effective in the promotion of our products. Young adults are now spending more time online communicating, therefore as the trend changes to digital so should our marketing plans (Nash 1). By keeping in mind the company’s goal to educate the public, I have come up with a series of advertisements ‘Gemtalk with John Nash’ that will air on the local television. Since it is illegal for television infomercials to advertize organization, services or products directly, the airing and production fee is inexpensive, and this will allow us to acquire great cost savings. I have written the scripts and paid 450 dollars per script for the filming of three advertisements. ‘Gemtalk’ will air for six months at a cost of 12 dollars